System for non-invasive examination of blood environment parameters

ABSTRACT

A system for non-invasive examination of a user&#39;s blood environment parameters that includes having a plurality of user-input sensors operably configured to measure a partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in a user&#39;s blood, a temperature of the user, and a hemoglobin content in the user&#39;s blood, an external electronic display unit, and a computing unit with a communication interface and communicatively coupled to the external electronic display unit and the least four user-input sensors, the computing unit operably configured to cause a user&#39;s blood environment parameters to display on the external electronic display unit through use of a mathematical software application resident thereon and employing a model of the user&#39;s internal environment based on a mathematical expression of an equation for hemoglobin buffer and utilizing the data from the user-input sensors.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This is a continuation application of pending U.S. application Ser. No.17/295,568, which is a national stage filing of pending InternationalPCT Application No. PCT/US20/19953, filed Feb. 26, 2020, which claimspriority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/810,927, filedFeb. 26, 2019, the entirety of which are incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The invention relates to the medicinal examination of blood environmentparameters of users (also referred to herein as “patients”) andrepresents an appliance and method applicable in medical practiceenabling noninvasive measuring of acidobasic and ionic equilibrium ofblood environment and the parameters which are derived from them.

PRESENT STATE OF TECHNOLOGY

Present medical techniques of examination and continuous monitoring ofthe parameters of blood environment, especially some parameters ofacidobasic and ionic equilibrium of blood gases and the parametersderived from them, are based on so-called “blood” methods measuringvalues of internal environment parameters, such as examination ofacidobasic equilibrium of ions, on blood samples taken from patients.

In practice, such examination is carried out by means of various devicesanalyzing blood samples of examined patient. However, this blood samplehas to be taken by invasive method. Analyzers in common use providemostly a limited number of values of blood parameters. Noninvasiveexamination of blood environment parameters is not commonly used inmedical practice although some analyzer designs for monitoring bloodgases, analyzing the blood image or other parameters of blood internalenvironment are known from the patent literature.

Among the analyzers in common use employing so-called “blood” method itis for example the analyzer according to the U.S. Pat. No. 4,854,321which describes an optical system for monitoring blood gases. The bloodgases are monitored by unified probe containing several scoops forhemochrome and the immobilized hemochrome in these scoops whereby thehemochrome is exposed to the influence of blood gases. Optical fibersand waveguides connected to the hemochrome scoops enable the light to beguided from the light source as hemochrome and light, due to theabsorption or spontaneous hemochrome emission, and to be returned backto the detector of light. Intensity, phase shift or other mechanism ofreturned light emission is a standard of partial pressure of respectiveblood gas. While applying this type of analyzer it is necessary toinsert a probe into the bloodstream.

Another known solution of “blood” method is represented by the analyzerof blood image according to U.S. Pat. No. 7,826,978 describing the bloodimage analyzer containing a unit for capturing a blood image of thesample, an analyzing part for analysis of the sample on the basis of theblood image, an identification reader for reading the identificationinformation from the sample which is assigned to the sample; atransportation part for transporting the sample to the identificationinformation reader and an image capturing unit; a first detector fordetecting the sample at a first detection position on a pathway of thesample transported by the transportation part; a display and a controlunit for controlling the display, so as to display, based on a detectionresult by the first detector, a screen including a first identificationinformation display region, wherein the first identification informationdisplay region displays identification information of the sample beingat the first detection position. While applying this type of analyzer itis necessary to take a blood sample from a patient.

Disadvantages of present methods or techniques of examining theparameters of blood environment consist especially in the “blood”examination as such while the blood is taken from a patient's body. Thismay cause the distortion of measured values due to blood clotting orhemolysis, the blood samples can be contaminated by persons sampling theblood or the persons can be exposed to contamination by the patient'sblood while they are taking samples.

Furthermore the present methods analyzing the parameters of internalenvironment which are dependent on taking patient's blood arequestionable if they are applied to specific patients, namely topremature infants or patients with burn injury of high degree. In thiscase the blood sampling is virtually impossible.

Noninvasive solutions of the analysis of internal environment parametersuse various cybernetic mathematical models. Cybernetics is a sciencedealing with general principles of controlling and transferringinformation in living organisms. It uses primarily mathematical modelsfor the process description. Cybernetics is based on the knowledge thatthe processes in living organisms can be described by mathematicalequations like the analogical processes in technical devices. Thefoundation of this approach was laid by Norbert Wiener, an Americanmathematician, who published the book “Cybernetics: Or Control andCommunication in the Animals and the Machines” in the year 1948.

One of the known noninvasive solutions of measuring patient's bloodinternal environment is the solution according to SK patent SK288359describing the application for determining parameters of blood internalenvironment. The device contains an electrode for scanning the partialpressure of oxygen, an electrode for scanning the pressure of carbondioxide. These electrodes are connected through the measuring amplifierto the analytical and control complex with the output into the memoryunit containing the database of patients. The analytical and controlcomplex is connected to an image device, recorder and an additionaladvice for the access to the Internet. Furthermore the analytical andcontrol complex is attached to the mixing device of breathing gases withthe output of breathing gas and/or with the controlled dosing devicewith sets of infusion solutions. The appliance according to thisinvention allows measuring the internal blood environment on the basisof the transcutaneous electrode, while the results of acid base, i.e.,the values of blood gases, are set with 90% accuracy and the values ofion balance are recalculated on the basis of the mathematical model ofinternal environment. However, these values, in particular for thespecific cases of patients, can differ substantially from the realvalues obtained by the classical method with the necessary bloodsampling and its subsequent processing by the chemical analyzer. Thissolution in particular does not allow the precise measurement ifpatients have elevated temperature at the moment or higher values ofhemoglobin in blood, consequently if patients are in a critical state.

OVERVIEW OF TECHNICAL DRAWINGS

The appliance for noninvasive examination of blood environmentparameters in accordance with the presented invention will be closerexplained by means of drawings.

FIG. 1 represents a block diagram of connections of individualcomponents of the appliance with the inputs of individual measuredparameters and with the outputs into the displaying device, and otherelements.

FIG. 2 represents both the scheme of 4 input characteristics of internalenvironment of a patient and the overview of 19 characteristics ofinternal environment of a patient which are obtained and displayed bythe appliance for noninvasive examination of parameters of bloodenvironment according one embodiment of the invention.

SUBJECT MATTER OF THE INVENTION

The object of the presented invention is an appliance, acidobasicanalyzer, enabling fast, simple and maximum accurate examination ofblood environment parameters, especially some parameters of acidobasicand ionic equilibrium of blood gases and the parameters derived fromthem which are carried out by noninvasive transcutaneous method.

As depicted in FIGS. 1-2, the principle of the appliance for noninvasiveexamination of blood environment, containing input sensors, a computingunit block, an external displaying unit and a communication interface,is based on the fact that it comprises at least one sensor for measuringthe partial pressure of O2 in patient's blood, a sensor of partialpressure of CO2 in patient's blood, a sensor of patient's temperature,and a sensor of hemoglobin contents in patient's blood which areconnected through the analogue and/or digital inputs to the computingunit block which contains mathematical software operating with the modelof patient's internal environment based on the mathematical expressionof the equation for hemoglobin buffer, of the so-calledHenderson-Hasselbach equation, used by means of the so-called HaldaneEffect and simulating the processes which are involved in the so-calledBohr Effect.

Air and food are the fuel for constantly ongoing processes in the humanbody. The above-mentioned solution is based on the fact that our bodyuses two inputs that affect the whole of our internal system. The firstentry is breathing when our lungs receive oxygen and produce bloodgases, and the second input is eating which produces elements. Thiscorresponds to two circuits, the respiratory and the gastroenterologicalcircuits. The mathematical software operates with these circuits in thissolution according to the invention.

The elements and blood gases are transferred by blood, there is constantcommunication between these two circuits and these circuits influenceeach other. In order to monitor this complex system safely andaccurately, it is necessary to place four sensors on the patient's body,the sensor for measuring the partial pressure of O2 in the blood of apatient, the sensor of partial pressure of CO2 in the blood of apatient, the sensor of patient's temperature and the sensor ofhemoglobin content in the blood of a patient which constantly monitorand take the values that are inputs of the block of processing units.These measured values are processed in real time by the mathematicalsoftware to be displayed on the external display unit or sent forfurther processing through the communication interface.

Measured values from the individual sensors are internallyinterconnected in the mathematical algorithms therefore each change ofone measured input value that can change on each sensor independently,affects all the values displayed which provides the values of bloodgases and measured elements (ions) with maximum accuracy.

In comparison with existing solutions, this advice for noninvasiveexamination of blood environment parameters was supplemented with twoadditional sensors, namely the sensor of patient's temperature and thesensor of hemoglobin content in blood of a patient. The influence oftemperature on the blood environment is minimized in the current medicalpractice. However, it is apparent that the human body starts to defenseitself even if the change of temperature is two tenths of a degree; theprocesses which are initiated are not still manifested externally andperceived by a patient nor the doctor can register any changes on apatient's state. Therefore any little change in temperature of humanbody has a substantial impact on the values of blood gases, as well ason the values of measured elements (ions) and their accuracy.Consequently, the values obtained from the temperature sensor of apatient have a decisive influence on the mathematical algorithms whichcompute additional values of blood gases and measured elements.

Until recently, the values of hemoglobin were impossible to gain by thenoninvasive and continual manner. It was necessary to obtain them by theinvasive method and the obtained results were only of an informativecharacter and usually several hours old which made the exact calculationof values impossible. Today the hemoglobin sensors for noninvasive andcontinuous measurement are available. Owing to them, it is possible toachieve an absolute accuracy of measurement.

The complexity and variability of the blood internal environment can bedemonstrated on the following examples. The optimal value of blood pH iswithin the range of 7.35-7.45. This range is very narrow but of a vitalimportance whereby the change of blood pH of 0.40, no matter if it isincreased or decreased, can be decisive for patient's life. Theabove-mentioned range applies for 36.6° C. as which is a usualtemperature of human body. At this temperature the value of hemoglobinis:

Men 135-170 Women 120-160 Children 120-180 pO2 value  9.9-14.4 pCO2value 4.7-7 

The change in temperature, or possibly in other input characteristicswill influence the values of other characteristics and the consequentcalculations.

In practice, owing to the included mathematical software operating withthe model of patient's internal environment, 4 values are obtained fromthe sensor for measuring the partial pressure of O2 in patient's blood,from the sensor for partial pressure of CO2 in patient's blood, from thesensor of a patient's temperature and from the sensor of hemoglobincontent in patient's blood. On the basis of these values additional 15values characterizing the blood internal environment of a patient aredetermined. On the whole, this mathematical software measures orcalculates 19 characteristics; each of them is variable and can reachdifferent values, so the processed characteristics can be in thousandcombinations. While designing the mathematical software, the experienceacquired by measuring the blood by the classical invasive method wasapplied in the software, i.e., the method where standard chemicalanalyzers were used for the blood analysis of patients of different agegroups from new-born children to dying patients. The evaluation of thecharacteristics of patient's internal blood environment is fullyautomatic.

The mentioned type of mathematical model of patient's internalenvironment, namely the respiratory and gastroenterology components,constitutes the basic feedback of cybernetics of patient's internalenvironment which enables to simulate the cybernetic processes ofpatient's internal environment by computer, if this block of computingunit is provided at least by an output to the external display unit orto the record unit and an output to the communication interfacepermitting the access to the Internet.

In case of the analogue input sensors, the block of computing unitdigitalizes their analog signals simultaneously with the aid of includedmathematical software. Then the mathematical software implements asuitable model of patient's internal environment from the models storedin the software of computing unit and computes the parameters of theblood internal environment of a patient. The access to the choice of asuitable model is given to the operator as well through the input to theblock of computing unit. The person can choose a model of patient'sinternal environment which complies with a particular patient. Theresults calculated by the block of computing unit according to thechosen model of patient's internal environment can be displayed by theattached imaging component which can be connected both by standard wiretransfer elements and by wireless connection. The equationscharacterizing the Haldane Effect, the Henderson-Hasselbach equationsetc. are necessary for the calculation of blood gases of internalenvironment (acid base). These equations are transformed into algorithmswhich enable us to obtain real results of blood gases on the basis ofthe values from the sensors. These influence also the algorithms for thecalculation of ion elements. Therefore it was necessary to complete thedevice with two additional sensors, a sensor measuring patient'stemperature and a sensor for measuring hemoglobin content in patient'sblood.

At the same time the exact quotient of respiratory andgastroenterological components in the model of internal environment of apatient determines a new parameter, the so-called shift in Haldaneeffect which is given at the value from 3 to 18 kPa or mmol of thepartial pressure of CO2. The relations between the partial pressure ofO2 and the saturation of HbO2 are given by the so-called Hill equationand by its equilibrium constant in the model of patient's internalenvironment. Other parameters of the model of internal environment of apatient, standard quantity of hydrogen carbonate and total O2 aredetermined by the modifications of the Henderson-Hasselbach equationwith utilization of a new parameter “Δph₂”. Newly defined parameter“shift in the Haldane Effect” denoted as “Δph₂” is a component of theequation for calculation of blood pH

ph = 6.1 + Δph1 + Δph2

where pH=blood pH

-   -   Δph1=the Bohr Shift    -   Δph2=shift in the Haldane Effect        whereby the Bohr effect or the shift in the Bohr effect is also        a component of algorithm of the basic feedback of the relation        of external environment—patient's lungs—cybernetics of patient's        blood internal environment as the exactly organized biological        system. The process of calculating the parameters and bonds is        made in the block of computing unit containing mathematical        software for determining the relation of acidobasic equilibrium        and ionic equilibrium in patient's blood.

The relation of acidobasic equilibrium and ionic equilibrium ofindividual ions contained in patient's blood, namely Ca, Mg and K inrelation to current values of patient's blood pH, constitutes thefeedback in the model of internal environment of a patient. On the basisof this model it is possible to determine the values of Cl and Na, i.e.,the elements which get into the blood circulation from thegastrointestinal tract, whereas these relations are modeled by theso-called gastroenterological model of blood internal environment of apatient. Other parameters of blood, such as sugar and urea contents andosmolality of blood are given by the modification of the formula

Osmolality = 2Na + urea + sugar/glycaemia/

The appliance with the software stored in the computing unit blockrepresents a new generation of analyzers utilizing the cybernetics forthe technical presentation of human biological capability, including thedescription of patient's blood internal environment which enables at thesame time to control automatically patient's treatment, e.g., at theinfusion therapy or oxygen therapy etc.

The appliance based on this invention allows a fast, simple and maximumaccurate examination of the parameters of blood environment, especiallysome parameters of acidobasic and ionic equilibrium of blood gases andthe parameters derived from them, in the noninvasive way without anyblood clotting impact or hemolysis.

The basic version of the appliance based on this invention monitors acidbase and ions continually and in noninvasive way and consequentlycalculates and evaluates the biochemical parameters of blood internalenvironment of a patient, accordingly by applying this method it ispossible to evaluate also all chemical elements contained in the bloodof examined patient in real time.

Therefore, advantages of the presented solution lie in the noninvasiveand continuous examination at a patient's bed. Parameter values of theblood internal environment are monitored by a doctor directly on thedisplaying device of the external computer and the doctor can, accordingto measured values, react and improve the patient's health conditionimmediately. Another advantage of this presented solution is the factthat examining persons are not in contact with patient's blood whilecarrying out the measurements, the results of measurement are notdistorted and examining persons are not exposed to the contamination incase of patient's disease transmitted by blood.

EXAMPLE OF INVENTION EMBODIMENT

In one embodiment of the present invention, the sensor-based system fornon-invasive examination of a user's blood environment parametersincludes a plurality of user-input sensors operably configured tomeasure a partial pressure of O2 in a user's blood, a partial pressureof CO2 in the user's blood, a temperature of the user, and a hemoglobincontent in the user's blood. The system also includes an electronicdisplay unit and a computing unit communicatively coupled to theelectronic display unit and the plurality of user-input sensors throughat least one of plurality of analog and digital inputs, the computingunit operably configured to cause a user's blood environment parametersto display on the electronic display unit, the user's blood environmentparameters includes acidobasic and ionic equilibrium of blood gases, orparameters derived from acidobasic and ionic equilibrium of blood gases.The computing unit includes a non-transitory memory including amathematical software application and a processor operably configured toexecute the mathematical software application, wherein the processor isfurther configured to calculate, through the use of the mathematicalsoftware application, the user's blood environment parameters byemploying a model of the user's internal environment based on amathematical expression of an equation for a hemoglobin buffer, or“Henderson-Hasselbach” equation, and utilizing the partial pressure ofO2 in the user's blood and wherein the partial pressure of CO2 in theuser's blood, the temperature of the user, and the hemoglobin content inthe user's blood received from the plurality of user-input sensors.

In another embodiment, the system includes at least four user-inputsensors consisting essentially of a first sensor operably configured tomeasure the partial pressure of O2 in the user's blood, a second sensoroperably configured to measure the partial pressure of CO2 in the user'sblood, a third sensor operably configured to measure the temperature ofthe user, and a fourth sensor operably configured to measure thehemoglobin content in the user's blood, wherein the partial pressure ofCO2 in the user's blood, the temperature of the user, and the hemoglobincontent in the user's blood are received from the at least fouruser-input sensors.

The appliance for noninvasive examination of blood environmentparameters comprises sensor 1 for measuring the partial pressure of O2in patient's blood, sensor 2 measuring the partial pressure of CO2 inpatient's blood, sensor 3 taking a patient's temperature, and sensor 4measuring hemoglobin contents in patient's blood, block 9 of computingunit which contains mathematical software operating with a model ofpatient's internal environment, analogue and/or digital inputs 5, 6, 7and 8 for interconnection of at least four user-input sensors 1, 2, 3and 4 to the block 9 of the computing unit 9 (e.g., one or moreprocessor(s) with a local or remote non-transitory memory operablycoupled thereto—said computing unit 9 also potentially including anelectronic controller), with output 13 to the external electronicdisplaying unit 11 (e.g., mobile phone user interface or otherelectronic device interface) and/or to the recording unit (e.g.,non-transitory memory) with output 14 to the communication interface 12,permitting the access to the Internet by output 15. Said another way, inone embodiment, a first sensor 1 is operably configured to measure apartial pressure of O2 in a user's blood, a second sensor 2 is operablyconfigured to measure a partial pressure of CO2 in the user's blood, athird sensor 3 is operably configured to measure a temperature of theuser, and a fourth sensor 4 is operably configured to measure ahemoglobin content in the user's blood. To effectuate the same, thecomputing unit 9 is communicatively coupled to the external electronicdisplay unit 11 and the at least four user-input sensors 1, 2, 3, 4through at least one of plurality of analog and digital inputs (5, 6, 7,8). This communication may be effectuated through wired or wirelessmeans as those of skill in the art can appreciate. The computing unit 9is operably configured to cause a user's blood environment parameters todisplay on the external electronic display unit 11 through use of amathematical software application resident thereon and employing a modelof the user's internal environment based on a mathematical expression ofan equation for hemoglobin buffer, or “Henderson-Hasselbach” equation,and utilizing the partial pressure of O2 in the user's blood, thepartial pressure of CO2 in the user's blood, the temperature of theuser, and the hemoglobin content in the user's blood received from theleast four user-input sensors 1, 2, 3, 4 as further described andexemplified herein.

In medical practice, a patient's examination is carried out by sensor 1measuring the partial pressure of O2 in blood, sensor 2 measuring thepartial pressure of CO2 in blood, sensor 3 taking temperature and sensor4 measuring hemoglobin content in blood. The sensors are placed onpatient's skin according to the recommendation of the sensor producer.For example the sensor measuring the hemoglobin content can be in theform of a clip which can be fixed on a well perfused part of human body,e.g., on a finger. The impulses of measured values are transferred intothe data recognizer and after the signal is conditioned into amathematical form, it is further transferred into block 9 of thecomputing unit to be processed where after the mathematical algorithmsprocess them, these inputs 1, 2, 3 and 4 determine the current values ofthe cybernetics of internal environment of individual patients.

After the analysis is processed in the block 9 of the computing unit,the cybernetic parameters of internal environment are continuouslydisplayed on the displaying unit of external PC in the form ofacidobasic equilibrium, ionic equilibrium, osmolality etc. So anattending physician can monitor continuously dynamics of pathologicalprocess, improvement or deterioration of patient's health.

On the basis of electronic analysis which is carried out by theappliance for noninvasive examination of blood environment parametersaccording to this invention, it is possible to evaluate the followingindividual required parameters of acid base and parameters of elementsin patient's blood, i.e. blood pH, current HCO-3, standard HCO-3, totalCO2, values of the base excess, saturation of oxygen, as well as valuesof partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide. At the same time theappliance according to the invention newly analyses from the measuredparameters the levels of sodium, potassium, chlorides, ionizedmagnesium, ionized calcium as well as the levels of blood sugar, ureaand the level of osmolality, hydration and other parameters of bloodinternal environment of a patient.

For example, the content of magnesium, Mg, in a user's blood environmentis calculable by using the following relation:

Mg = CO₁ − (CO₂ × (CO₃ − pH)),

wherein CO₁, CO₂, and CO₃ are exemplary coefficient values.

Note that the coefficient, CO₁, for the magnesium, Mg, is derived fromtemperature inputs received from the user, the coefficient, CO₂, isderived from standard accepted pH ranges (identified above), and thecoefficient, CO₃, is derived from median pH values. In another example,the content of calcium, Ca, is calculable by using the followingrelation:

Ca = (Mg + CO₁)/CO₂,

wherein CO₁ and CO₂ are exemplary coefficient values.

Note that the coefficient, CO₁, for the calcium, Ca, is derived from pHin the user's blood and CO₂ is derived from hemoglobin. Accordingly, theappliance for noninvasive examination of blood environment parametersbased on this invention enables to monitor continuously pO2 and pCO2from patient's surface, his temperature and content of hemoglobin in hisblood and to computerize subsequently the evaluation of other parameterswith presenting the results on the monitor of external PC.

The appliance uses the mathematical software stored in the block ofcomputing unit operating with the model of patient's internalenvironment based on the mathematical expression of the equation forhemoglobin buffer, of the so-called Henderson-Hasselbach equation, usedby means of the so-called Haldane Effect and simulating the processeswhich are involved in the so-called Bohr Effect whereby the exactquotient of respiratory and gastroenterological components in the modelof internal environment of a patient determines a new parameter,so-called shift in the Haldane Effect, given at certain value of partialpressure of CO2. In the model of patient's internal environment, therelations between the partial pressure of O2 and the saturation of HbO2are given by the so-called Hill equation and by its equilibriumconstant. Other parameters of the model of internal patient'senvironment, standard quantity of hydrogen carbonate and total O2 aredetermined by the modifications of the “Henderson-Hasselbach” equationwith utilization of a new parameter “Δph₂”. The newly defined parameter“shift in the Haldane Effect” denoted as “Δph2” is a component of theequation for calculation of blood pH

ph = 6.1 + Δph1 + Δph2

where pH=blood pH

-   -   Δph1=the Bohr shift    -   Δph2=shift in the Haldane Effect        whereby the Bohr Effect or the shift in the Bohr Effect are also        incorporated in the algorithm operating with the model of        patient's blood internal environment as the exactly organized        biological system. The process of calculating the parameters and        bonds is made in the block of computing unit containing the        software of this acidobasic ionic analyzer.

The relation of acidobasic equilibrium and ionic equilibrium ofindividual ions contained in patient's blood, namely Ca, Mg and K inrelation to current values of patient's blood pH constitutes anotherfeedback in the model of patient's internal environment. On the basis ofthis model it is possible to determine the values of Cl and Na whereasthese relations are modeled by the so-called gastroenterological modelof blood internal environment of a patient. Other parameters of blood,such as sugar and urea contents and osmolality of blood are given by themodification of the formula

Osmolality = 2Na + urea + sugar/glycaemia/

Accordingly, the appliance, system, assembly, and method for noninvasiveexamination of blood environment parameters based on the presentedinvention enables to monitor pO2 and pCO2 continuously from thepatient's surface, his temperature and content of hemoglobin in hisblood as well as to computerize subsequently the evaluation of otherparameters with presenting the results on the monitor of external PC inthe form of acidobasic equilibrium, ionic equilibrium, osmolality etc.So an attending physician can monitor continuously dynamics ofpathological process, improvement or deterioration of patient's health.

The possibility of noninvasive monitoring the blood gases and theparameters derived from them is of great benefit, e.g. for thedepartments of intensive care, because immediately after the measuringis carried out, the results of measured parameters are provided by thedevice which enables a physician to react promptly and thereby allpossible complications during the treatment and the length ofinpatients' stay at intensive care units can be reduced. It is beyondquestion that this technology will bring economic benefits to hospitals.

The appliance for noninvasive examination of blood environmentparameters according to the presented invention can be extended by otherdevices or systems, such as the electromagnetic dosing system for dosingsome missing substances or remedies to a patient.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY

The application for noninvasive examination of blood environmentparameters according to the presented invention is serviceable inmajority of hospital departments, especially in the intensive careunits, in anesthesiology and in intensive care medicine as well as indoctors' consulting rooms.

What is claimed is:
 1. A sensor-based system for non-invasiveexamination of a user's blood environment parameters comprising: aplurality of user-input sensors operably configured to measure: apartial pressure of O2 in a user's blood; a partial pressure of CO2 inthe user's blood; a temperature of the user; and a hemoglobin content inthe user's blood; an electronic display unit; and a computing unitcommunicatively coupled to the electronic display unit and the pluralityof user-input sensors through at least one of plurality of analog anddigital inputs, the computing unit operably configured to cause a user'sblood environment parameters to display on the electronic display unit,the user's blood environment parameters includes acidobasic and ionicequilibrium of blood gases, or parameters derived from acidobasic andionic equilibrium of blood gases, the computing unit comprising: anon-transitory memory including a mathematical software application, anda processor operably configured to execute the mathematical softwareapplication, the processor further configured to calculate, through theuse of-the mathematical software application, the user's bloodenvironment parameters by employing a model of the user's internalenvironment based on a mathematical expression of an equation for ahemoglobin buffer, or “Henderson-Hasselbach” equation, and utilizing thepartial pressure of O2 in the user's blood, the partial pressure of CO2in the user's blood, the temperature of the user, and the hemoglobincontent in the user's blood received from the plurality of user-inputsensors.
 2. The system for non-invasive examination of a user's bloodenvironment parameters according to claim 1, further comprising: atleast four user-input sensors consisting essentially of a first sensoroperably configured to measure the partial pressure of O2 in the user'sblood, a second sensor operably configured to measure the partialpressure of CO2 in the user's blood, a third sensor operably configuredto measure the temperature of the user, and a fourth sensor operablyconfigured to measure the hemoglobin content in the user's blood,wherein the partial pressure of CO2 in the user's blood, the temperatureof the user, and the hemoglobin content in the user's blood are receivedfrom the at least four user-input sensors.
 3. The system fornon-invasive examination of a user's blood environment parametersaccording to claim 2, further comprising: the at least four user-inputsensors consisting essentially of the first sensor operably configured,using a transcutaneous electrode with the first sensor, to measure thepartial pressure of O2 in the user's blood and the second sensoroperably configured, using a transcutaneous electrode with the secondsensor, to measure the partial pressure of CO2 in the user's blood. 4.The system for non-invasive examination of a user's blood environmentparameters according to claim 1, wherein: the computing unit includes anoutput into the electronic display unit or into a recording unit and anoutput into a communication interface on the computing unit permittingboth direct and remote access to the Internet.
 5. The system fornon-invasive examination of a user's blood environment parametersaccording to claim 1, wherein: the mathematical model of the user'sinternal environment serves as the basis for a determination of Chlorineand Sodium values, wherein the determination of Chlorine and Sodiumvalues are mathematically modeled by a gastroenterological model ofblood internal environment of a patient.
 6. The system for non-invasiveexamination of a user's blood environment parameters according to claim1, wherein: the mathematical model of user's internal environment servesas the basis for the determination of other parameters of the user'sblood, including sugar, urea contents, and blood osmolality, which isprovided by the following formula:Osmolality = 2Na + urea + sugar/glycaemia/.